Illustration representing symbolic interactionism in criminology, showing human profiles, crime symbols like handcuffs, gavel, and a labeled figure to highlight how social symbols and interactions shape criminal identity.

Symbolic Interactionism in Criminology: Crime & Social Symbols

Introduction: A Social Lens on Crime Criminology, the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior, has long drawn upon various theoretical frameworks to explain why individuals deviate from social norms. Among these, Symbolic Interactionism offers a unique and deeply sociological perspective. Rather than viewing crime purely through biological or structural lenses, Symbolic Interactionism emphasizes the…

An educational chart comparing primary and secondary deviance, showing key differences such as rule-breaking behavior, societal reaction, and identity change.

The Theory of Primary and Secondary Deviance in Criminology

Introduction Deviance remains one of the most crucial topics in criminology and sociology. It provides insight into why individuals engage in behaviors that society deems unacceptable, how such behaviors develop over time, and how individuals and groups are labeled and treated as a result. One of the most influential contributions to the understanding of deviance…

A horizontal 2D infographic presenting seven major criminological theories — Labeling Theory, Primary & Secondary Deviance, Stigma Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, Differential Association, Conflict Theory, and Heat and Crime Theory — with icons and brief summaries of their core concepts and key figures.

Criminological Theories: Labeling, Stigma, Conflict, and More

Introduction to Criminological Theories Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior. To understand the nature of crime, criminologists develop theories to explain why individuals engage in criminal acts. These theories encompass a variety of perspectives that focus on factors such as social reactions, psychological processes, environmental influences, and societal structures. In this…

Labeling Theory illustration in criminology

What Is Labeling Theory?

Introduction to Labeling Theory Labeling Theory is one of the foundational perspectives in sociology and criminology that examines how the labels assigned to individuals—especially those engaged in deviant or criminal behavior—shape their identity and social interactions. This theory shifts focus from the deviant act itself to the reaction of society and how such responses influence…