A hyperrealistic horizontal portrait of Ibn Khaldun, the 14th-century Arab historian and philosopher, depicted with a thoughtful expression, wearing traditional Islamic garb with a beige turban and cloak, against a warm, ornate background.

Ibn Khaldun’s Theory of Heat and Crime: Climate and Human Behavior

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Introduction The link between climate and human behavior has intrigued scholars for centuries. One of the earliest thinkers to propose a connection between environmental factors and social dynamics was the 14th-century Arab scholar Ibn Khaldun. In his seminal work Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun suggested that heat and climate significantly influence individuals’ temperaments, social organization, and even…